Translation of "Versunkene kosten" in English

They're calculating sunk costs for education and projected output.

Germany submitted that the Airport has the obligation to cater to general aviation and had to incur costs to convert the existing military infrastructure.

First, the cross-border parcel delivery market is characterised by relatively high barriers to market entry (e.g. sunk costs).

If, for instance, distributors are tied to a manufacturer via a non-compete obligation, the foreclosing effect will be more significant if setting up its own distributors will impose sunk costs on the potential entrant.

Such investments are usually sunk, which means that upon leaving that particular field of activity the investment cannot be used for other activities or sold other than at a significant loss.

Once spent, such costs are sunk and should have no effect on future pricing decisions.

The measures to improve transparency of tariffs are proportionate as they are limited and primarily target the segments of the market where there is evidence of limited choice, which, together with structural characteristics of the cross-border parcel delivery markets (e.g. high sunk costs; economies of scale), results in high prices of cross-border delivery services for small volume senders.

No arise of further sunk costs attributable to hardware purchase, administration and maintenance.

In general, entry requires sunk costs, sometimes minor and sometimes major.

In particular, indicators of barriers to entry in the absence of regulation (including the extent of sunk costs), market structure, market performance and market dynamics, including indicators such as market shares and trends, market prices and trends, and the extent and coverage of competing networks or infrastructures.

The relevance of barriers to entry will depend, inter alia, on the minimum efficient scale of output and the costs which are sunk.

The high level of sunk costs into existing production facilities, the rise of flexible production and the skill level of European workers seem to reinforce this conclusion.

A LRIC+ model should be used to calculate the incremental cost (including sunk costs) and to add a mark-up for common costs related to the downstream activities.

This methodology models the incremental capital (including sunk) and operating costs borne by a hypothetically efficient operator in providing all access services and adds a mark-up for strict recovery of common costs.

A major research project which fails to deliver useful results involves a large element of sunk costs. More modestly, you cannot recover the cost of a book which fails to sell.

The more costs are sunk, the more potential entrants have to weigh the risks of entering the market and the more credibly incumbents can threaten that they will match new competition, as sunk costs make it costly for incumbents to leave the market.

The tribunal correctly observed that the claimant was asking the tribunal, in its request for supplementation, to engage in a theoretical exercise that would compensate the investor for some discounted version of its sunk costs, as if the investment lacked any track record.

On the other hand, in Marginal Analysis we ignore past sunk costs, as these have now no bearing on the decision we have to take whether to carry on with the project or not: whatever we decide, these costs have been incurred already and there is nothing we can do about them.

As such are the appropriate cost standard, the adequate depreciation methodology, treatment of sunk costs, how to calculate long-run incremental costs, how to identify unprofitable customers or uneconomic areas.