Übersetzung für "Surface degradation" in Deutsch

With surface degradation, the hydrolysis of chemical bonds occurs solely on the surface.

This surface degradation leads to reflectivity losses and imaging errors.

In surface degradation, the hydrolysis of chemical bonds takes place exclusively on the surface.

Then, in the event of surface degradation, there will be no severence of the supporting fibre strands.

Severance of the supporting fibre strands is thereby also prevented in the event of surface degradation.

Although as mentioned above, the heating of the nonmagnetic metal workpieces to their forging temperature by prior conventional electric furnace heating procedures is far more efficient than the also known inductive heating procedures, the use of an electric furnace for such heating purposes undesirably results in objectionable surface degradation or grain coarsening of the workpiece material due to the extended period of time the workpieces are necessarily exposed to the high temperatures (around 1500° F.) in the furnace.

By first preheating the workpieces W to a lesser temperature than their final processing or forging temperature in a high efficiency type electric radiant heat furnace F, and then inductively post-heating the workpieces to their final selective processing or forging temperature in an induction heating coil C, the overall efficiency of the total heating system is markedly increased over heating systems in which the workpieces are heated to their processing or forging temperature entirely by an induction heating process, such as have been employed in the past because of their efficacy in avoiding the objectionable surface degradation or grain coarsening of the nonmagnetic metal workpieces which is characteristic of long duration electric furnace heating processes.

By using the method and apparatus comprising the invention, a heating system is provided having a greatly increased efficiency amounting to around 60% as compared to the normal 30% to 35% efficiency of prior heating systems which, in order to avoid surface degradation or grain coarsening of nonmagnetic metal workpieces, heat the workpieces to their forging temperature T2 entirely by the use of induction heating.

Disadvantages of liquid quenching is uncontrolled quenching, contamination of the surface with degradation products which call for complicated cleaning, and the expensive and difficult technology that is involved if the workpieces have to be annealed in a vacuum.

To boost the abrasion resistance of the Tegris material and prevent UV surface degradation, Milliken proposed the use of a specially developed film technology which allows film to be moulded onto the Tegris fabric surface during the part forming process.

The Beibu Gulf is important for the understanding of changes in the recent sedimentation processes and the balance of matter transport from the coastal near regions, surface near degradation of organic matter and the resulting element fluxes.

The problem of surface degradation by charged particles is further intensified when electrical fields are applied in the region of the optical elements by means of electrodes or grids for monitoring and/or cleaning purposes.

The problem of surface degradation is furthermore intensified when the optical element is used with pulsed EUV radiation or soft X-rays.

The method of claim 4, wherein the article of manufacture undergoes hot isostatic pressing for a period of time, and wherein the article of manufacture experiences a lesser degree of surface area chemical degradation due to the reactive gasses as compared to conventional hot isostatic pressing.

We conclude that such contaminants on the untreated silicon nitride surface inhibit the degradation of native silicon oxide by HF.

More than 60% of all mechanical failures are lubrication related, the majority of which are caused by wear and surface degradation.

Optical properties of resin composites change with time, especially related to surface degradation and chemical reaction of the tertiary amine accelerator' (1) .

With the heating system according to the invention, most of the total energy required to fully heat the workpieces W to their final forging temperature is employed to heat the workpieces by the relatively highly efficient radiant heating action of the high efficiency electric radiant heat furnace F. At the same time, the appreciably lower temperature to which the workpieces are preheated in the preheating furnace F (e.g., 1200° F.) and the consequent appreciably shorter time period during which the workpieces need be exposed to the lesser preheat temperature in the furnace F in order to raise them to their preheat temperature rather than to their much higher final processing or forging temperature results in the practical elimination of undesirable surface degradation or grain coarsening of the workpiece material.

From the above description, it will be apparent that the apparatus according to the invention operates either in a manually or an automatically controlled manner to provide a substantially continuous supply of workpieces W of nonmagnetic metal heated to an elevated processing or forging temperature T2 by the highly efficient two-stage heating process comprising the invention and, most importantly, without adversely affecting the surface condition of the workpieces by surface degradation or grain coarsening.