Translation of "Überschlagsrechnung" in English

Let me illustrate this with what physicists call a back-of-envelope calculation.

The following rough estimate shows the relations:

This is a rough estimate but it is based on relatively accurate approximations.

We had already assumed that after a rough estimate at the very beginning, and now we can even prove it.

A back-of-the-envelope calculation suffices to show that, unless the government is prepared to tolerate a further increase in the investment rate, achieving a GDP growth target of 7.5% implies a significant fall in the growth rate of investment.

Nobel laureate economist Paul Krugman, for example, claims that “a back-of-the-envelope calculation” on the basis of “textbook macroeconomics” indicates that the $800 billion US fiscal stimulus in 2009 should have been three times bigger.

A back-of-the-envelope estimate suggests that a five-year lesser depression every 50 years that pushes the economy an extra 10% below its potential would reduce average investment returns and retard private investment by enough to shave two-tenths of a percentage point from economic growth every year.

Given that the average statutory corporate income tax rate currently amounts to around 23%, a back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that, assuming a comparable tax base size a EUCIT rate of less than 2% should be sufficient to consistently raise EUR 15 billion in revenue, even though CIT revenues are one of the most fluctuating tax revenue sources in the economic cycle.

The differences in the figures obtained for operating cost gains attributable to pumped storage between the complete calculation and the simplified calculation were so large (see Table I) that a more thorough analysis of their causes was thought necessary.

With the above rough calculation the complex reciprocal play of the currents from electrical and thermal energy can of course not be understood entirely--the more so because no equilibrium conditions are reached actually.

However, a rough estimate shows that this concept has not a chance of being realized because it would be necessary to use hydride reservoirs with dimensions which are much too large to be able to serve as storage of solar energy in profitable dimensions.

Calculations have shown that in a ladle with an inside diameter of 2 meters, there can be a difference in level of 500 milimeters between the melt's center and the outer edge of the melt when the melt's upper portion rotates half a turn per second.

According to the first computation 34 % of all operations on the Community's foreign .exchange markets concern transactions between EC currencies, whilst the second suggests it is 43 %.

A rough calculation by the Organisation for Cooperation on Safety indicated that since 1994 approximately EUR 1 billion must have been invested due to SCC certification.

This rough estimate indicates that in all previous decontamination processes that use oxalic acid for reduction and/or decontamination, Fe 2+ and Ni 2+ oxalate formation cannot be avoided.

Based on these figures, a little mathematical estimate shall be made to demonstrate the possible capability of the concept presented here.

For the design engineering of shafts and axes with full circle profile, the required dimensions will be estimated with an approximate calculation.

A quick calculation shows that a production figure of 309 cars built from 1968 to 1976 made for an average of less than 40 per year.

Using an ideal typical computation, you need 1 qm of suitable absorbing area and 0,5 h in order to get 1 litre of drinking water from salt water.

The required dimensions for the design of shafts and axes with full circular cross-section will be estimated with an approximate calculation. It is assumed that the main load is well-known.

With a rough calculation, we get a consumption of 6l/100km multiplied by 0.5 times 0.7 times 0.7 = 1.5 l/100km.